Saturday, September 11, 2010
Friday, July 16, 2010
Programming language and its type:
The computers software is to be written in a certain languages that they understand. The earlier computers were programmed in machine language or in numeric form but it were a bit harder to write in this language. After this many languages were developed for the smooth and easy working. There are mainly two types of languages:
a. High level language
b. Low level language
It has two types:
Machine language
Assembly language
High level language:
A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, PASCAL etc that enables programmer to write programs that are more or less independent particular type of computer. Such languages are considered as high level language. The main advantage of high level language over low level language is that they are easier to read, write and maintain. Ultimately programs written in high level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler.
Low level language:
Machine language:
It is a collection of binary digits or bits that computer reads and interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding. Elemental language of computers, consisting of strings 0’s and 1’s. because machine language is the lowest level computer language and the only language that computer directly understands, a program written in more sophisticated language (c, PASCAL) or any other language must be converted to machine language prior to execution.
Assembly language:
It is a low level programming language using the human readable instruction on the CPU. It runs slower machine language entirely consist of numbers and are almost impossible for human to read and write. Assembly languages have the same structure to that at machine language but they enable a programmer to use names instead of numbers.
Each types of CPU have its own type of assembly language, programs written for one type of CPU does not run on other type. In early days all programs were written in assembly language but today its written in high level language.
Example:
Start
Mov sa #10
Mov s #3
Add = sa s, a; a = sa + s
` Stop
But assembly language understands the above language as:
Open
Stop
a. High level language
b. Low level language
It has two types:
Machine language
Assembly language
High level language:
A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, PASCAL etc that enables programmer to write programs that are more or less independent particular type of computer. Such languages are considered as high level language. The main advantage of high level language over low level language is that they are easier to read, write and maintain. Ultimately programs written in high level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler.
Low level language:
Machine language:
It is a collection of binary digits or bits that computer reads and interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding. Elemental language of computers, consisting of strings 0’s and 1’s. because machine language is the lowest level computer language and the only language that computer directly understands, a program written in more sophisticated language (c, PASCAL) or any other language must be converted to machine language prior to execution.
Assembly language:
It is a low level programming language using the human readable instruction on the CPU. It runs slower machine language entirely consist of numbers and are almost impossible for human to read and write. Assembly languages have the same structure to that at machine language but they enable a programmer to use names instead of numbers.
Each types of CPU have its own type of assembly language, programs written for one type of CPU does not run on other type. In early days all programs were written in assembly language but today its written in high level language.
Example:
Start
Mov sa #10
Mov s #3
Add = sa s, a; a = sa + s
` Stop
But assembly language understands the above language as:
Open
Stop
Operating system:
Operating system (OS) is system software that helps the user to operate the computer and manage its resources. The primary purpose of the OS is to act as an interface between the computer and the user. As computer is a digital device which understands and works only in binary languages (also known as machine language that a computer understands) made of 0’s and 1’s only. It is impossible for a common people to work through or under the binary language. Hence, OS acts as an interface between user and computers. It makes the user to work with computer very easy like copy, type, print etc can be done very easily due to OS.
Without OS a computer can’t be used or it can’t be operated. OS manages all the resources of the computer i.e. CPU, memory, and input output devices. Operating system also helps other application to run in the computer very easily. Operating system creates working environment between user and the computer. OS can be said as the sole of the computer without which a computer can not work or be operated.
Some commonly used OS are MS-DOS, windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP and its series, Linux, vista etc.
Without OS a computer can’t be used or it can’t be operated. OS manages all the resources of the computer i.e. CPU, memory, and input output devices. Operating system also helps other application to run in the computer very easily. Operating system creates working environment between user and the computer. OS can be said as the sole of the computer without which a computer can not work or be operated.
Some commonly used OS are MS-DOS, windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP and its series, Linux, vista etc.
Computer software:
The finite set of instruction that the computer follows to solve a particular problem is called a computer program. Some programs called the system programs, direct the internal operation of the computer. This includes those, which control the input and output devices or manage the storage areas with in the computer. On the other hand, other programs called application program direct the computer to solve the specific user-oriented problems such as preparing report, accounting package and many more such application. Collectively the group of programs that a computer needs to function is known as computer software. The major components of system program include operating system, compiler and assembler and utility programs.
An operating system is the software that allows a computer hardware and software to work together. It is a layer of software between the user and the computer which provides the native environment .It consists of a programs and routines that coordinates processes, translate data from input from output devices, regulates data storage in memory, and allocated tasks to different processors. It also provides programs and function that help programmers develop new software. An operating system provides two related function: a standard programming environment for software developer and a standard working environment for users.
Compilers and assemblers are used to translate the program written in human understandable language, like FORTRAN into object module, which is used by linker to make an executable file. An executable file is then ready to be used by the users.
The systems of programs are a generally obtained from either the hardware vendor or independent software vendors. The applications programs may be written by any software developer according to the needs of the costumer. Every kinds of software can be developed as according to the want of the needers.
Generally some well developed and most useable business software’s are MS-WORD, MS-EXCEL, MS-POWERPOINT etc and many more like this.
An operating system is the software that allows a computer hardware and software to work together. It is a layer of software between the user and the computer which provides the native environment .It consists of a programs and routines that coordinates processes, translate data from input from output devices, regulates data storage in memory, and allocated tasks to different processors. It also provides programs and function that help programmers develop new software. An operating system provides two related function: a standard programming environment for software developer and a standard working environment for users.
Compilers and assemblers are used to translate the program written in human understandable language, like FORTRAN into object module, which is used by linker to make an executable file. An executable file is then ready to be used by the users.
The systems of programs are a generally obtained from either the hardware vendor or independent software vendors. The applications programs may be written by any software developer according to the needs of the costumer. Every kinds of software can be developed as according to the want of the needers.
Generally some well developed and most useable business software’s are MS-WORD, MS-EXCEL, MS-POWERPOINT etc and many more like this.
Computer hardware:
Simply the seen or touchable parts of a computer are known as hardware. The primary components are the input/output devices, memory units and processing elements. These processing and memory come inside the CPU (central processing unit).
Input unit:
Data and information are entered into a computer through input device. An input device converts the user input into a machine code that is understandable by a computer. Most commonly used input device is keyboard. Some other input devices are:
1. Punch card reader.
2. Paper tapes reader.
3. Magnetic tape reader.
4. Magnetic disk reader.
5. keyboard
6. mouse
7. Joy stick etc.
Central processing unit (CPU):
Central processing units (CPU) consist of the control and arithmetic units, memory and storage units. The CPU is, thus, the nerve centre of the computer system where actual computing process takes place. The CPU may be obtained in a number of configurations differing in speed and size of memory it works with. The control unit of CPU supervises all other units of the computer. It fetches the proper computer instructions from the memory unit and routes data, referenced by the instructions from the memory unit to the arithmetic unit and back to the memory unit. The arithmetic unit is where the arithmetic and logical operations are perfumed. The memory unit of the CPU stores data and program during processing. The size of the computer is generally depends on the number of storage locations in its memory. Storage locations are always multiple of the number 1024. it is also known as the brain of the computer as it performs over all functioning of the computer as the human brain does.
.
Output unit:
The output devices receive results and other processed information from the computer and provide them to users. The computer sends information to an output device in the binary form. An output device converts it into a suitable from convenient to users. VDU, printers etc. are example of output devices. Some commonly used output units are:
1. punches card
2. paper tape punches
3. printers
4. plotters
5. cathode Ray Tube displays
6. magnetic disk units
7. magnetic drum units
8. magnetic tape units
9. CD disk
10. speakers
11. Monitor
Input unit:
Data and information are entered into a computer through input device. An input device converts the user input into a machine code that is understandable by a computer. Most commonly used input device is keyboard. Some other input devices are:
1. Punch card reader.
2. Paper tapes reader.
3. Magnetic tape reader.
4. Magnetic disk reader.
5. keyboard
6. mouse
7. Joy stick etc.
Central processing unit (CPU):
Central processing units (CPU) consist of the control and arithmetic units, memory and storage units. The CPU is, thus, the nerve centre of the computer system where actual computing process takes place. The CPU may be obtained in a number of configurations differing in speed and size of memory it works with. The control unit of CPU supervises all other units of the computer. It fetches the proper computer instructions from the memory unit and routes data, referenced by the instructions from the memory unit to the arithmetic unit and back to the memory unit. The arithmetic unit is where the arithmetic and logical operations are perfumed. The memory unit of the CPU stores data and program during processing. The size of the computer is generally depends on the number of storage locations in its memory. Storage locations are always multiple of the number 1024. it is also known as the brain of the computer as it performs over all functioning of the computer as the human brain does.
.
Output unit:
The output devices receive results and other processed information from the computer and provide them to users. The computer sends information to an output device in the binary form. An output device converts it into a suitable from convenient to users. VDU, printers etc. are example of output devices. Some commonly used output units are:
1. punches card
2. paper tape punches
3. printers
4. plotters
5. cathode Ray Tube displays
6. magnetic disk units
7. magnetic drum units
8. magnetic tape units
9. CD disk
10. speakers
11. Monitor
Classification of computers:
On the basis of working mode:
Analog computer
Digital computer
Hybrid computer
Analog computer:
An analog computer is one that measures physical values such as temperature, pressure, humidity etc. The analog computer accepts processes and generates continuous data. One major use of analog computers has been as control device on a real time scale, for example the navigation of controlled rockets or factory automation.
Some examples: mechanical integrator, MONIAC computer, analog speedometer of bikes and car etc.
Digital computers:
A digital computer accepts processes and produces discrete data. It uses 0’s and 1’s for processing any information. They are extremely popular science they are faster and more accurate in calculation than analog computer. Modern digital computers find extensive use in scientific, business, administration and engineering applications, industrial application, airline railway reservation, education, medicine and many more.
Hybrid computers:
Hybrid computers are those computers which combine analog and digital capabilities in a single computer. Hybrid computers are used for some special application. It is the combination of both analog and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical operation, while the analog component normally serves as a solver of differential equation.
Example: HRS-100
On the basis of size:
Micro-computer:
Generally a computer that resides in user’s desktop is called a micro computer. Micro computer include PC’s, laptops, notebooks and handheld computers or palmtop computers. Example desktop PC, laptop etc.
Mini computer :
These computers are larger then micro computers and these computers are 3-25 times faster then micro computers. Example: prime 9755, vax 36 etc
Mainframe computer:
These computers are larger then mini computers and there processing speed is 10-100 times faster then micro computers. Example: IBM 1401, ICL 2950/10 etc.
Super computer:
These computers are larger in size and are most powerful computers and can process at a speed of several hundreds or even thousands of millions of instruction per second. Example: NEC 500, cray-xmp-14 etc.
Analog computer
Digital computer
Hybrid computer
Analog computer:
An analog computer is one that measures physical values such as temperature, pressure, humidity etc. The analog computer accepts processes and generates continuous data. One major use of analog computers has been as control device on a real time scale, for example the navigation of controlled rockets or factory automation.
Some examples: mechanical integrator, MONIAC computer, analog speedometer of bikes and car etc.
Digital computers:
A digital computer accepts processes and produces discrete data. It uses 0’s and 1’s for processing any information. They are extremely popular science they are faster and more accurate in calculation than analog computer. Modern digital computers find extensive use in scientific, business, administration and engineering applications, industrial application, airline railway reservation, education, medicine and many more.
Hybrid computers:
Hybrid computers are those computers which combine analog and digital capabilities in a single computer. Hybrid computers are used for some special application. It is the combination of both analog and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical operation, while the analog component normally serves as a solver of differential equation.
Example: HRS-100
On the basis of size:
Micro-computer:
Generally a computer that resides in user’s desktop is called a micro computer. Micro computer include PC’s, laptops, notebooks and handheld computers or palmtop computers. Example desktop PC, laptop etc.
Mini computer :
These computers are larger then micro computers and these computers are 3-25 times faster then micro computers. Example: prime 9755, vax 36 etc
Mainframe computer:
These computers are larger then mini computers and there processing speed is 10-100 times faster then micro computers. Example: IBM 1401, ICL 2950/10 etc.
Super computer:
These computers are larger in size and are most powerful computers and can process at a speed of several hundreds or even thousands of millions of instruction per second. Example: NEC 500, cray-xmp-14 etc.
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